The relationship between bending and tension strength of Irish and UK spruce and pine

Abstract The correct characterisation of wood properties is fundamental for the best utilisation resources. In Europe, grading defined by strength classes that are determined based on either bending or tension tests. European standards give equations to estimate characteristic in from bending, and vice versa depending which was tested. These applied all softwoods. aim this paper empirically determine relationship between using two conifer species grown Ireland UK. results show relationships change with species. standard conversion underestimates, importantly, performance spruce loads calculated most common class UK, C16. opposite occurs reverse conversion. Additionally, study includes published data continental establish a new uses timber broader range grades, adjusts Irish UK obtained classes, ensuring safe values design.